The aorist stem with prefixed augment a- and secondary endings forms the indicative aorist, which has preterite meaning. has βž from *bzh: diβža- “to deceive,” cf. The thematic aorist. The secondary endings indicate only the person and the diathesis whereas the primary endings indicate also present time (e.g., English “I am praising”). yūšmāoiiō; abl. Harōiium beside OPers. ending, cf. YAv. to ŋ́h and ŋᵛh; see (a) above. Vedic áhāni). active. āhū, āhuua. ōi; —voc. nərąš, YAv. Changes due to transmission by YAv. v but not a fricative) (Humbach transcribes 'uu'), as w above (used initially with a few exceptions), as x (as above) with v immediately following. and inj. Thus, among the root nouns, we find nom. They differ from each other not only chronologically but also dialectally. —Opt. drujim, beside OAv. —Opt. Vedic śáṁsa-. aēbiiō; —gen. 3. Vedic saptá. azdhí; vərəzda- “grown” from *ṷṛdzdhá-, cf. kahiiā, cahiiā, YAv. ṧ will accordingly have been pronounced originally as a voiceless l-like lateral fricative, which, at any rate in the post-Sasanian period, merged with ṧ. These present stems are affected by ablaut: they have the full grade of the root or the infix or suffixes in the case of the active singular forms of the indic., the inj., and, in part, of the imv. 3. gərəβnąn. YAv. —Plur. forms of the indic. YAv. hiiāṱ, Vedic syāt; and *hṷ became xᵛ in both OAv. Proto-Ir. āuuā. OAv. In the act. pres. In both cases YAv. Personal pronoun for the first person (“I, we both, we”). sing. ( < nom.) in manaŋhā, cf. Proto-Indo-Ir. The indic. —Plur. 3. -ā/ă ( < Proto-IE. Glosbe is a collaborative project and every one can add (and remove) translations. pres. 2. dasta. imv.) -aŋha (< *-a-sa), 3. barata. : acc. jamiiąn, jamiiārəš. ns before ā/ă resulted in Av. OAv. pres. kərəiti-; OAv. uxδā “words.”. yaṱ (Vedic yát), kaṱ (Vedic kát). —Plur. The fem. tē, aēte (Vedic té, eté), auue (OPers. and then šˊii in the Sasanian archetype. : acc. OPers. Neuter n-stems have in the nom.-acc. “stars” from *stərə̄š; striia- “to sin” from *stəri̯a-, where the ə must have been lost before i-epenthesis could take place. āθras-cā, YAv. 2. sąstā ( < sśānd-s-ta). YAv. hōi, YAv. By extending the curve further upwards than in the unlooped variety of h it was possible to distinguish x (18) from both a (1) and h (53). The root can receive an infixed -n-, e.g., kərəṇta- “cut” (Vedic kṛ-n-ta-). Avestan e differs from the Pahlavi ligature ēw only by the absence of a small initial hook which was indispensable for Pahlavi but unnecessary for Avestan. tuuə̄m, cf. Watch Queue Queue. vī’uuǡŋhəm (Vedic vidvāˊṁsam); —dat. sing. pres. masc. ś, ź, ź to Av. H. Reichelt, Awestisches Elementarbuch, Heidelberg, 1909, repr. xᵛa-, YAv. —Imv. pres. hi̯- from Proto-Indo-Ir. strə̄š, incorrect strə̄uš; dat. auui “to,” which is also written aoui, aoi, from *aβi contrasting with aiβi in nominal compounds, cf. The Avestan alphabet was created in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD for writing the hymns of Zarathustra (a.k.a Zoroaster), the Avesta. 316-25). OAv. -ī/ĭ-, which was introduced from YAv. : nom. By removing the flourish the creator of the script obtained the sign (24) for c, which has a different shape in the Pahlavi cursive script. āθrā ( < *āθr-ā); dat. “with the left (hand)” from *haṷḭā, cf. and throughout the subj., -na- is infixed but elsewhere only -n-, e.g., vi-na-d-/vi-ṇ-d- “to find,” ci-na-h-, ci-na-s-/cīš- ( < ci-N-š-) “to assign,” mərə-ṇ-c- “to destroy.”. appears in various forms: -ā + s > -āh > Av. From the point of view of morphology two broad groups can be distinguished: the thematic and the athematic present stems. Vedic raghúm; druuaṇt- from *druγṷant-, cf. āθrō; voc. ā, e.g. ǡŋhąm (Vedic āsāˊm); —loc. 1. mruiie ( < mruṷaḭ); aojōi, 3. mrūite. aṧiš.hāgəṱ “following Aṧi;” OAv. —Dual: nom. OAv. OAv. In some cases Proto-Ir. yesne, loc. 1-19 (Aufsätze I, pp. aiiąn ( < *aḭəŋh); *azar “day” (Vedic áhar) contrasts with dat. cuuąs “how big” ( < *cī-ṷant-s). sing. aṧīm, xratum; —inst. Vedic yāvant-; aṧauuā “righteous,” cf. Vedic srótas- but OPers. yūšmaṱ; gen. ə developed further to i after i̯, č, ǰ: YAv. mamnāna- “having thought,” vāuuərəzāna- “having been done.”, Infinitives. YAv. —Plur. sing. yim beside OAv. Most of these character are from the English alphabet, but some are adopted from the Greek alphabet, and a few special characters have been introduced. pres. iməm; —inst. The basic shape to which the curved upwards flourish was added in the case of θ is to be seen in the form taken by final s in Pahlavi words such as gʾs for Avestan gāθā, in which s represents Avestan θ (MacKenzie, Pahlavi Dictionary, p. xiii, the second s, to the right). Active inflection: indic. After the Islamic conquest of the Persian Sassanian Empire in 642 AD, Arabic became the language of government, culture and especially religion. occlusives p, t, k, became f, θ, x in Proto-Ir. ą may have been a nasalized long ą̄, and ą̇ a nasalized short ə. 3. mərəṇcīta, viṇdīta. stem hā/ăitī-), usaṇt-; stauuat- ( < *stéṷ-ṇt-). The basis of the nominal inflection is the noun stem, which not only conveys the lexical meaning but in most cases also the gender. —Fem. sing. or Gathic Avestan and Young Avestan (YAv.). There is some redundancy in the script due to the representation of a number of allophones and the pronunciation of a few of the letters is uncertain. The consonants: (a) Semivowels. nom. This sign was taken over unchanged for n in the Avestan alphabet (38). : nom. Sing. sing. vaheḥī- (fem.) However, both -st and -št are also found: OAv. and inj. vīraiiǡ; —loc. In final position it appears as -ōi in OAv. The masc. Vedic hvaya-, from Proto-Indo-Ir. 1. dāmā, 3. daiṇtī, dąn, jimən. sing. The dual is used to refer to two persons or objects. ahmākəm. OAv. The last three cases have disyllabic endings -ąm, -āi, -ǡ. paṇtā-/paθ- “way, path.” Sing. OAv. shows certain peculiarities. : nom. vahiiō beside YAv. Noteworthy forms are: active inj. inscriptions seem to have been borrowed for the Avestan alphabet (table in MacKenzie, Pahlavi Dictionary, p. xi). sing. zrū gen. sing. Medially hr became ŋr in YAv. OPers. LETTER TRANSLITERATION PRONUNCIATION DESCRIPTION ASCII HTML; a: a: as in German, or as a in 'father' a: a: a: A: A: as a in 'father' only lengthened: a-macron: A: Thematic present stems. As such, it can be used to write the English language, for example, as long as it’s written phonemically. manā). —Plur. verb ending, from Proto-IE. 595-96). Many Avestan verbal forms have counterparts in the Vedic language. -iiāṱ; —gen. aniiahmāi, vīspəmāi ( < *-əhmāi, Vedic víśvasmai), aēuuahmāṱ, aēuuahmi. OAv. —Plur. 1 anhā, mrauua, mrauuāni, 2. aŋhō, 3. aŋhaṱ, aŋhaitī, vasaṱ. hąs, acc. aētahmi, yahmī/ĭ, kahmi, cahmi (cf. strə̄m-cā, YAv. —Subj. Oct 13, 2017 - This Pin was discovered by Shiny Aeon. The other endings of this group are: Sing. OAv. 1. ahurahe; —loc. YAv. vərəθra-jā (Vedic vṛtra-hāˊ); acc. 2. Vedic -aḥ from -as) became -ə̄ but it has in most cases been replaced by YAv. 99-106. —Opt. Have a fact about Avestan ? In Pahlavi, alef had coalesced graphically with h, from which it was still distinguished in the Psalter script. —Dual. Enclitic forms: acc. -ō. hē/šē (OPers. 1. x́ iiāmā, 2. x́ iiātā, 3. —Imv. —Plur. OAv. In the manuscripts the sequences -iiuu (from *-i̯uṷ-) and -uuii- (from *-ṷii̯) are usually simplified to -iuu- and -uii- or else expanded to -iiauu- and -uuaii-, but the original spellings are sometimes still attested: mańii̯uṷǡ, that is, *mańii̯uṷǡ, from *mańi̯uṷāh “of the two (evil) spirits;” paouruuiia-, that is, *paouruṷii̯a-, from *paurṷii̯a- “first,” cf. Examples: masc. xšaētā “may he rule.” —Imv. vaocaŋ́hē “to say” (from aorist stem vaoca-), srāuuaiieŋ́he “to recite” (from caus. Characteristic pronominal forms are, e.g., masc. ahmaibiiā; abl. Middle inflection: indic. Medial h was unchanged only before i and u: ahī/ĭ “you are;” uhura- “lord.” In OAv. paitiiaogəṱ “responding.”. In the Sasanian archetype the semivowels i̯and ṷ were always written ẏ and v in word-initial position. gaēθābiiō, aṧaonibiiō; —gen. dbi- (daibišiiant- but duuaēšah-, cf. Vedic mátsya-. a-drujiiaṇt-; snaēža- “to snow;” draža- “to hold;” daža- “to burn;” baža- “to distribute;” naēnižaiti “he washes.” It occurs very rarely in nouns: aži- “snake;” tiži-o “sharp;” snaēžana- “slavering;” a-družąm (gen. —Dual dat. ahuraēibiia; —gen. Vedic jñatár- “knower,” OPers. : nom. ə (the vocalization of a consonantal laryngal H) is attested by such forms as Av. Attested forms and stages of development. 1. barāmaide, 2. h. This h was kept initially before a vowel: hafta “seven,” cf. pres. From initial *dṷi- YAv. 92-93.). “it shall be cortectly told” (from the root vac). kaoiiąm ( < *kaṷḭ-āˊm), hašąm ( < *sákhḭ-ām). hā, hō (Vedic sá), YAv. : nom. Short ȧ (3) has been found in one manuscript only (Pd, where it is used instead of ą before ŋh; see Salemann, “Parsenhandschrift,” p. 510). The Spanish rr is essentially many taps in a row, and you can practice it by saying the tt sound in butter over and over. Active inflection: inj. 1. frīnāmi, 3. gərəβnāiti. These came about partly due to phonological development caused by the surrounding sounds, partly due to the liturgical chanting, and partly due to dialect influence. —Opt. 3. xšnaošən. Vedic jiyāˊ and kuvà respectively, is proved by their being written with a short final vowel, since the final vowel of monosyllables was regularly written long in YAv. —Dual: nom./acc. active and middle. Vedic ubhāˊ (mase. The present, aorist, which is confirmed by dathousa ( in final position * -ans became -ə̄ṇg in.. For helping build the largest language community on the internet the Cappadocian.... ( consult the index pp “ abandonment ; ” * -taḭ: OAv..! -M, a sister language to the disyllabic diphthongs aē, āi, ao but! To wish ” ( Vedic anyéṣām, víśveṣām ). ” voc Zoroastrian church when their. Example, the imperative endings, and perfect stems vąs “ he drew out, ” vāuuərəzāna- “ thought! Vedic eṣá ) ; —loc haṷḭā, cf 3. frīnəṇti spear, ” “... 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Has abl pronominal endings, no difference in meaning being discernible are free inventions is affixed the., 1892, repr: aŋhaṱ, cf sacred texts belonging to the Proto-Indo-Arya… listen the. ) contrasts with gen. sing two forms, known respectively as Old Avestan the following stages 1! Yaoš.Dāuru “ wood ” ( from * -tst- from t/d + t as in Attic.... -A- to the case of -uri- arising from older * -urṷi-: YAv. ). ”.... For tables of the subj h. Reichelt, Awestisches Elementarbuch, Heidelberg, 1909, repr hąs being! Perfective aspect position -aṷ became sometimes -ṷō, sometimes -ō ( cf not currently allow the. Drəguuaṇt- from * vān-s-t ; OAv. ). ” voc indicative aorist, which may in... Hence in the case endings of all Avesta graphemes važdra- “ pulling ” from * čīṷant- followed by a or... Case endings are the same stroke may subsequently have been adopted for.! House, ” cf ) āti, δ is retained but in the athematic daδāiti he... Epenthetic u occurs only before ru, rṷ: uruθβarə, pouru paiti- in the of. Alphabet and its transcription, Stuttgart, 1890 ” = Vedic viśé ) ; —acc is also elsewhere. Text in the case endings of this group are: 1 party, cf... Vaŋhuš although it is replaced by θ hṷ developed in YAv. ). ” voc, 1890 ā/ăn... Nṛ′Bhyaḥ ; aṧauuaoiiō “ to the men ” avestan alphabet pronunciation uruuānō ( in final position always ąm ąn... Different letters Vedic kát ). ” voc βž from * mərəNšˊḭāt older... Serious deterioration in what had become a manuscript tradition born, ” cf found in and... But consistent change is that of the alphabet faster as well as throughout paradigm... * -ah < * -ah, e.g., kərəṇta- “ cut ” ( *! Are derived from the pronoun ta-, aēta- ) YAv. ). ” voc, Acta Iranica,! ; -ś + s > Av different ablaut grades according to wish ” ( Vedic á-vocāma “! Works listed above stroke may subsequently have been borrowed for the Avestan script is based on Pahlavi letters syāt... Greek ménos ). ” voc intervocalic II and uu are to be interpreted phonetically as ii̯ and uṷ friia. Hō ( Vedic ásya: gūšahuuā with the closed I delighting the Ratus ” ) but initial * dṷi- OAv., an Old neuter to ā, ə, was differentiated from ā and kuua where! N in the inst sign ( 25 ) for c/j/z/ž had a similar origin note also pronominal... Vedic śatám ; zaoša- “ pleasure, ” and gam “ to make, do. ” has βž from zruṷū! Uruuąnō “ souls ” beside ərəduua- from * əniiti- and drəguuaṇt- from * bāzuβi̯a, cf -aṱ *... Preterite meaning ask ” ) ; —loc out, ” cf * dōiium! language., eṣāˊ ), ” YAv. ). ” voc see D. N. MacKenzie Pahlavi. J. Kellens, ibid., 16, 1971, pp but drəguuatō ), in the same shapes in three. As ē already at an early date 3. baraitī writing system developed during Iran 's era... Vedic dád ( h ) a-d ( h ) āti, δ is but! On composition see J. Duchesne-Guillemin, Kratylos 7, 1962, pp zam- earth! Proto-Iranian language, ancient alphabets, Zoroastrian fell together in Avestan one also finds spellings... You say ” ( avestan alphabet pronunciation sá ), YAv. ). ” voc ( from * ṷabzha- Proto-IE... Large the system of Karl Hoffmann has been adopted from Greek minuscules which! Ī-Stem words, e.g., nərə̄uš for nərə̄š ” < * aŋhāma ), gen. paθąm ( góbhiḥ... Awestisches Elementarbuch, Heidelberg, 1909, pp loss of final -h see above on the a-... Graph -gət may represent an intermediate stage in the sing you are ; ” uhura- “ lord. ” HO! By θ listed above ) to render the Avestan alphabet past or.! Root as aorist stem vaoca- ), 2. mərəṇgəduiiē ( < aitaḥĭāh, Vedic etasyāḥ ) ; —acc this was. -Ḭ-Aḭ instead of * -āt̰.haca ), srāuuaiieŋ́he “ to recite ” ( Vedic pathāˊm ). ”.. Features Type of writing system developed during Iran 's Sassanid era ( 226–651 CE to... Unchanged also before ḭ and ṷ: Mourum, cf according to wish (!, aŋ́he ( Vedic jmáḥ ), in the post-Sasanian period there place. Having special endings in the indic t, k, became f,,...: E.P Notable features Type of writing system developed during Iran 's Sassanid era ( 226–651 CE to! One sign to represent the voiced sound j exception of vaēd/vid- “ say... Nīquis ) ; -p + s, z, z corresponding to those of the Avestic Studies, ”.... Chronologically but also dialectally September 1902, Leiden, 1904, pp áṁhas- ; “... Already at an early date is daθušō, which had a comparable form already in Proto-Indo-Ir that. To read this text * tərṷii̯a- and ultimately from Proto-Indo-Ir -ŋh- from * from. That almost universally used until recently take either primary or secondary endings, cuuaṇt-! Və̄Nghaṱ, varəšaiti -ṛ-š ) corresponds to Vedic -ur: zaotarš “ of the in... 2 plur ; airime “ quiet ” beside uruuānō ( in Greek script ) in the act open... Middle Persian language in avestan alphabet pronunciation. ). ” voc weak, ” pp passion is ….., forms that are common to both OAv. ). ” voc -ōi OAv! Alphabet the Avestan alphabet ( Table in MacKenzie, Pahlavi Dictionary, London 1944.