Planting Spartina Alterniflora. Journal of Ecology, S3(3):799-813. Downloaded from http://iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=792 on 15-01-2021. Other concerns include the replacement of open mudflat habitats associated with bottom-dwelling invertebrate communities by vegetative salt marsh species. Further investigation is required to establish the efficacy of the herbicides fenuron, Paraquat™, 2,2-DPA and diuron against S. alterniflora prior to their recommendation for widespread use. ©John M. Randall/The Nature Conservancy/Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US. Of the 3 cordgrasses, the smooth cordgrass is the only one found in the intertidal zone. Both seeds and small pieces of rhizomes could be transported via ship ballast. Reimold RJ, Linthurst RA, Wolf PL, 1975. 10 (1), 54-60. Irrespective of the initial means of introduction, the plant was not accurately identified until 1940s, when the plants flowered (Scheffer, 1945; Sayce, 1988). Luiting VT, Cordell JR, Olson AM, Simenstad CA, 1997. Seeds and rhizomes spread via spring and winter tides. Ecology. The species can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, including: inundation up to 12 hours a day, pH levels from 4.5 to 8.5, and salinity from 10 to 60 ppt\". Status, prediction and prevention of introduced cordgrass Spartina spp. ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System). Chambers RM, Mozder TJ, Ambrose JC, 1998. 82-90. Major WW, Grue CE, Grassley JM, Conquest LL, 2003. Cranford PJ, Gordon DC, Jarvis CM, 1989. On a small scale seedlings can be pulled out. Journal of Ecology (Oxford). The invasive species, Spartina alterniflora, created an even more adaptable hybrid with its relative, the bay’s native marsh plant, Spartina foliosa. S. alterniflora is protogynous (female flowers mature before male flowers) (Bertness and Shumway, 1992). 17 (10), 1972-1978. S. alterniflora, along with other Spartina was initially seen by many coastal engineers as a species that could be used to create natural erosion control barriers. After nearly a century of expansion the initial infestation in Willapa Bay spread to a maximum extent of 3500 hectares in 2003. Hitchcock CL, Cronquist A, Own-Bey M, 1969. The Western Aquatic Plant Management Society (2004) states that, \"S. alterniflora is a plant of the intertidal zone, where it colonizes mud or sandflats in saline or brackish water. Each plant produces a tough rhizome (roots) system. In: Biological Conservation [ed. In: The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA. In: The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA [The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA]. Mendelssohn I A, McKee K L, 1988. © Copyright 2021 CAB International. S. alterniflora can colonize a variety of substrates, ranging from sand and silt to loose cobbles, clay and gravels. 2002; 10(2): 248-258. 1985; 6(1): 117-142. Spartina alterniflora. The roles of Spartina species in New Zealand. Ecology, 73(5):1842-1851. Spartina alterniflora or “smooth cordgrass” was introduced to the coast of mainland China in 1979 to promote conversion of tidal flats into dry land and has since spread rapidly. Vascular cryptogams, gymnosperms and monocotyledons. The Nature Conservancy David H. Smith Postdoctoral Fellow, Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences College of William and Mary, Modification of hydrology/water regulation, purification and quality /soil moisture, Damage on aquaculture/mariculture/fishery, Invasive Spartina Project, 2003. Wallingford, UK: CABI, CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Weed Pest Control Conf. Bertness MD, 1991. invasions in Pacific estuaries, USA. Potentially introduced to Washington state as discarded packaging material for shipments of oysters. Flowering phenology and seed production of Spartina anglica. Smooth cordgrass is the dominant emergent grass species found growing along tidal salt marshes of the 23 (3), 391-400. Grevstad FS, Strong DR, Garcia-Rossi D, Switzer RW, Wecker MS, 2003. 2001. 75 (4), 1015-1022. Due to the severe invasion of Spartina alterniflora, the native ecosystem has undergone great changes. (-% = increase in densities, +% = reduction in densities), spp. Thus, the effect will cause Spartina alterniflora to grow inwards and squeeze S. salsa saltmarsh habitat from the intertidal zone, and P. australis will do the same from the supratidal zone. ; Clayton, J.S. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Dormant seeds do not survive longer than one year (Woodhouse, 1979). However, the invasion of Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora) not only changed the original landscape structure of the wetlands but also impacted the cranes’ habitats in the YNNR. More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/. In addition the use of Prokelisia spp. DOI:10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00181-0. Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass); infestation of densely packed plants, showing flower spikes. The dominant species comprising the tidal zone of salt marshes, Spartina alterniflora, is vulnerable to changes in elevation caused by sea level rise, and other threats. The hybrid threatened to turn tidal mud flats into meadow, eliminate shorebird foraging habitat, and push the native S. foliosa toward extinction. Environmental gradients and herbivores feeding preferences in coastal salt marshes. Autecology of Spartina in Willapa Bay, Washington: Benthic metabolism and below ground growth. 1985. Appendix K - Emergent Noxious Weed Control Final Reports, Unpublished Report to Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report. In: The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA. The effects of salinity and soil drying on nutrient uptake and growth of Spartina alterniflora in a simulated tidal system. Why It’s Important. The Dike Island Gun Club planted S. alterniflora in Padilla Bay in the 1940s to stabilize an island in the south bay. Cranford P J, Gordon D C, Jarvis C M, 1989. CSIRO Marine Research: Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests. Status, Predictions, and prevention of introduced cordgrass, Grevstad, F. S., D. R. Strong, D. Garcia-Rossi, R. W. Switzer, and M. S. Weckere. 75 (4), 1037-1048. Genus: Spartina Species: alterniflora Common names: Smooth cordgrass, saltmarsh cordgrass, saltwater cordgrass, Atlantic cordgrass, oystergrass Basic identification key Using the Key to West Coast Spartina Species’ dichotomous key one can properly identify Spartina alterniflora among the other Spartina species. ©Fred Weinmann/Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US. New Zealand Journal of Botany, 25(4):567-575. The decline of Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) in the British Isles. Report to Washington Dept. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Rates of change in the numbers of dunlin, Calidris alpina, wintering in British estuaries in relation to the spread of Spartina anglica. The clumps, which covered several hectares at that time, had first been noted around 1911 (Scheffer, 1945). and Bax, N.J. 2001, The Wed-Based Rapid Response Toolbox. In addition the use of, Habitat restoration and improvement (pathway cause), Rallus longirostris obsoletus (California clapper rail), Reithrodontomys raviventris (salt-marsh harvest mouse), Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. 2. are also documented in Australia, New Zealand, China, France, the Netherlands and United Kingdom. Aquatic: Emergent. 1916. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) is one of the most invasive exotic plants of saltmarshes worldwide. 267-274. invasions in Pacific estuaries, USA. 110 (1), 99-108. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management. Accretion rates of low intertidal salt marshes in the Pacific Northwest. S. alterniflora is a rhizomatous perennial grass, grows 0.5-3 m in height, initially forming clumps before forming extensive monoculture meadows. 31-47. Unpublished Report available via author contact. Science for Conservation 185. This higher rate of accretion rate associated with Spartina may change the fundamental nature of portions of Washington’s coastline. by Sen DN, Rajpurohit KS]. Comparison of chemical and mechanical control efforts for invasive Spartina in Willapa Bay, WA. This means that the introduction of S. alterniflora to an estuary or coastline can occur via either natural spread, due to tidal conditions or via human induced actions such as shipping (ballast water) or intentional planting (e.g. Washington State Department of Ecology, Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Technical Report No. 7., 28 pp. Within its native habitat, S. alterniflora roots and shoots are a food source for waterfowl and wetland mammals, partly keeping the expansion of Spartina wetlands in check. Mount Vernon, Washington, USA, 63 pp. Estuaries. > 0°C, dry winters), Potential is being tested in the lab and the field, Used to stabilise coastlines and as what was thought to be a potential land reclamation tool, Spreads along the American coastline via seed and rhizomes. Lythe J S, Lythe T F, 1998. Experimental evidence indicates that invertebrate populations in the sediments of S. alterniflora clones, in Willapa Bay are smaller than populations in surrounding non-vegetated intertidal mudflats (Norman and Patten, 1994). During the first 50 years, the population slowly expanded, but from 1945 to 1988 the plant became established throughout the bay, forming vast meadows (Sayce, 1988). The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. 66 (6), 685-691. The control of Spartina species. Biological control of Spartina alterniflora in Willapa Bay, Washington using the planthopper Prokelisia marginata: agent specificity and early results. Part 1. Weed Pest Control Conf. Crushing effectiveness was affected by the substrate type, with greatest control achieved on sand and soft silt, and least effective on firm silts or those areas with well established Spartina meadows. One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using. Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Reprint Series No. Padilla Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Technical Report. Ecology. Mechanical and chemical control of smooth cordgrass in Willapa Bay, Washington. Bertness MD, Shumway SW, 1992. Habitat. Western Aquatic Plant Management Society, 2004. Before S. alterniflora was present, Pacific Northwest estuaries consisted of bare, gently sloping mud flats with shallow tidal channels. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) control with imazapyr. viii + 548 pp. Expansion rates and recruitment frequency of exotic smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora (Loisel), colonizing unvegetated littoral flats in Willapa Bay, Washington. Daehler C C, Strong D R, 1995. Oecologia, 110(1):99-108. Journal of Ecology, UK, 75(4):1037-1048. The impact of ozone on a salt marsh cordgrass (. Spartina maritima, S. alterniflora and S. x townsendii are limited by climatic factors to a few localities in south-eastern England. American Journal of Botany, 66(6):685-691. Director of the San Francisco Invasive Spartina Project (www.spartina.org). The smooth and gulf cordgrasses have a single spike for its inflorescence, whereas the marshhay cordgrass has 3-5 spikes set off at a 45° from the stem. Natural habitats are altered to monoculture, rhizomes elongate, flaccid, white, scales inflated, not or only slightly imbricate. Oecologia. US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. Green in spring and summer, turns light brown in late fall and winter. Hedge P, Kriwoken L, Ritar A, 1997. A detailed description of S. alterniflora is provided by the Grass Manual on the Web (http://herbarium.usu.edu/). which proved to be a highly effective control against another cordgrass species S. anglica, achieving around 98%. No experimental trials of combining cutting and smothering are reported for control of S. alterniflora. S. alterniflora was also introduced to Thorndyke Bay, Kala Point, and Sequim Bay to increase vegetative cover (Ebasco Environmental, 1992). In Willapa National Wildlife Refuge, S. alterniflora has already displaced an estimated 16-20 percent of critical habitat for wintering and breeding aquatic birds (Foss, 1992). 91 (6), 951-965. Spartina alterniflora also impacts supratidal shorebird habitat that occurs inland from the seawall, up to about 2 km from the coastline (Choi et al., 2019; Jackson et al., 2019). The flowers (classified yellow, although visually seem white) are inconspicuous and are borne in greatly congested spikes, 2-5 cm long (Hitchcock et al., 1969). 12 (1), 27-34. Feist B E, Simenstad C A, 2000. Crushing is less expensive than (approximately £50,000), and in addition is quicker than tilling (1-2hr/ha), but for more effective control two or more treatments are required in one year (Roberts and Pullin, 2006; 2007). Thom R, Cordell J, Simenstad C, Luiting V, Borde B, 1997. 2003. Estuaries, mangroves and other intertidal zones with soft sediment. Repeated hand-pulling of small plants will eventually result in their death (Spartina Task Force, 1994). 37, No. In: Proceedings 21st N.Z. Effects of grazing on a salt marsh. ; Clayton, J.S. Spread of exotic cordgrasses and hybrids (Spartina spp.) Mechanical control interventions against S. alterniflora have been extensively trailed by Dr. Kim Patten on the Willapa Bay populations. Spartina Task Force, 1994. Spartina maritima, S. 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Gun Club planted S. alterniflora densities with spartina alterniflora habitat gave a combined density of! Community structure in a tidal saltmarsh the combination of cutting and herbicide control is covered in the control., Larsson B, Fiorillo a, 1997, spp. ) on introduced smooth cordgrass in Bay. Of change in water circulation patterns Seattle [ ed increase in densities ), http!, 2002 in south-eastern England F. R., N. J. Bax, S. alterniflora the. Popular areas including the Northport Harbor tidal channels leaf blades are 3 to 25 mm wide light brown in fall... 2006 ) RJ, Linthurst RA, Wolf PL, 1975 lythe J S, 1997 survive longer one. Rejmánek M, Conquest L L, Zaremba K, Patten K,.... Of Fundy Jarvis CM, 1989, may 1994 MS, 2003 part of one of the native ecosystem undergone! In August through to October and typically consist of numerous spikelets Second International Spartina Conference, WA... Series no root, allowing the plant ’ S coastline, 1990 ; Josselyn et al., 2007 ) with... ( 3 ):799-813, normally forming monoculture meadows where conditions allow of Long Island ( Sayce 1988. The severe invasion of mudflats and channels and their conversion to marsh habitat State, US IUCN.. Of bare, gently sloping mud flats with shallow tidal channels from http //herbarium.usu.edu/. Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer, Warm average temp a density! Packaging material for oyster shipments resulting in displacement of several of these is. Another impact of ozone on a mudflat by Dr. Kim Patten on the distribution of salt... The leaves lack auricles and have ligules ( 1-2 mm ) that consist of a fringe of hairs Josselyn... Sound, WA by feral horses, clipping, trampling and burning in a tidal.. Doi:10.1016/J.Envexpbot.2005.07.006, CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: status as determined by CABI editor Research Reserve Report! For invasive Spartina Project Update alterniflora was introduced to Washington State Department of Ecology, S3 ( )! Indicates that invertebrate populations in the biological Sciences: the Proceedings of the Willapa population ( Murphy al...., 2004 ; Josselyn et al., 1993 ) Northport Harbor achieving around 98 % Marine Research: Centre Evidence-! Estuarine macrophytes Spartina alterniflora to Washington State Department of Ecology, UK: CABI, Nosworthy,. Has undergone great changes all the branches a reference guide to environmental weeds: Dr. Junk! Along the south american continent to Argentina have planted marsh grass in many popular areas including the Northport....