[53] In AR4, "most of" is defined as more than 50%. Behavior Sampling -- this involves watching the entire group of subjects and recording each occurrence of a specific behavior of interest and with reference to which individuals were involved. Systematic Observation of A.J Types of Observation in the Scientific Method. An example of a teacher observation report is one that is prepared by a teacher in order to provide some information about their students. audio-visual analysis of … About 90% of the ozone in Earth's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere. As of 2020[update] Secunda CTL is the world's largest single emitter, at 56.5 million tonnes CO2 a year. Note that field reports generally do not include further readings or an extended bibliography. Tourism accounts for about 50% of traffic movements. [133] Calculations based on MER show large differences in intensities between developed and developing countries, whereas calculations based on PPP show smaller differences. [22] Water vapor concentrations fluctuate regionally, but human activity does not directly affect water vapor concentrations except at local scales, such as near irrigated fields. [75] Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009. be defined as the ratio of the mass Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth's surface would be about −18 Â°C (0 Â°F),[2] rather than the present average of 15 Â°C (59 Â°F). It also helps to connect with the child in a meaningful way and build stronger relationships in the classroom. Clouds are water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. The four main methods are the emission factor-based method, mass balance method, predictive emissions monitoring systems, and continuous emissions monitoring systems. [67][68][69] The spread of land plants is thought to have reduced CO2 concentrations during the late Devonian, and plant activities as both sources and sinks of CO2 have since been important in providing stabilising feedbacks. = 4. The purpose of a field report in the social sciences is to describe the observation of people, places, and/or events and to analyze that observation data in order to identify and categorize common themes in relation to the research problem underpinning the study. UniLearning. Jon Prosser, editor (London: Falmer Press, 1998), pp. ... For example, where there are children of different ages, the . + From the other side, if it is placed in a landfill, it becomes a carbon sink[121] although biodegradable plastics have caused methane emissions. In contrast, generative models must make very strict indepen- (2007)[163] assessed the scientific literature on greenhouse gas projections. [122] Due to the lightness of plastic versus glass or metal, plastic may reduce energy consumption. CO and NMVOCs produce CO2 when they are oxidized. (for example, words and characters in English text), or aggregate properties of the observation sequence (for in-stance, text layout). The use of audio or video recording is most useful with this type of sampling. As of 2006 the annual airborne fraction for CO2 was about 0.45. ( F The size of the indirect effect can depend strongly on where and when the gas is emitted. Do you see connections between what you observed and the findings of similar studies identified from your review of the literature? Animal Behavior Lab. ... paper and pen to take notes. Merely by your presence and watching, you cannot help but feel that you are somehow changing or influencing the class and the students that make it up. 199). Pandas is one of those packages, and makes importing and analyzing data much easier. There is no organized system of recording the observations; you just note whatever seems relevant at the time. Video or audio recording your observations has the positive effect of giving you an unfiltered record of the observation event. When the act of data gathering counts, you'll be glad you practiced beforehand. The global warming potential (GWP) depends on both the efficiency of the molecule as a greenhouse gas and its atmospheric lifetime. Remember that observation is more than just seeing and hearing. Between 1970 and 2004, global growth in annual CO2 emissions was driven by North America, Asia, and the Middle East. a physical change (condensation and precipitation remove water vapor from the atmosphere). The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century". Finally, hydrogen can lead to ozone production and CH4 increases as well as producing stratospheric water vapor. Methane has an atmospheric lifetime of 12 ± 3 years. (2005)[26] argues that the contribution to climate change from methane is at least double previous estimates as a result of this effect. Before your first observation, practice the technique you plan to use in a setting similar to your study site [e.g., take notes about how people choose to enter checkout lines at a grocery store if your research involves examining the choice patterns of unrelated people forced to queue in busy social settings]. Non-verbal communication can tell much about people’s attitudes, emotions, feelings, and intentions (Mehrabian 2007, p. 12). How do you examine the situation? Taking a photograph can save you time in documenting the details of a space that would otherwise require extensive note taking. List all sources that you consulted and obtained information from while writing your field report. Although there is no limit to the type of data gathering techniques you can use, these are the most frequently used methods: Note Taking Collectively, this descriptive information should support reasons why you chose the observation site and the people or events within it. [41] As explained above, some greenhouse gases remain in the atmosphere for decades or even centuries, and therefore can affect Earth's energy balance over a long period. “Participant Observation and Fieldnotes.” In Handbook of Ethnography. [134], The national accounts balance would be positively related to carbon emissions. {\displaystyle \tau } Manmade greenhouse gas emissions can be divided into those that arise from the combustion of fuels to produce energy, and those generated by other processes. NOTE:  You may consider using a laptop or other electronic device to record your notes as you observe, but keep in mind the possibility that the clicking of keys while you type or noises from your device can be obtrusive, whereas writing your notes on paper is relatively quiet and unobtrusive. This happens in two main ways. Some greenhouse gases are not often listed. Shindell et al. The conclusion should briefly recap of the entire study, reiterating the importance or significance of your observations. For example, packaging beverages in PET plastic rather than glass or metal is estimated to save 52% in transportation energy, if the glass or metal package is single-use, of course. The probability of a transition between labels may depend not only on the current observation, but also on past and future observations, if available. ( Hazel, Spencer. [147], In 2009, the annual top ten emitting countries accounted for about two-thirds of the world's annual energy-related CO2 emissions.[148]. Examples of Things to Document While Observing. Classroom Observation Analysis Paper . During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system,[176] with consequences for the environment and for human health. [clarification needed] This increase is the result of human activities by burning fossil fuels, deforestation and forest degradation in tropical and boreal regions.[83]. [33] Although it is not easy to know with precision how long it takes greenhouse gases to leave the atmosphere, there are estimates for the principal greenhouse gases. 5th ed. This and other basic principles indicate that warming associated with increased concentrations of the other greenhouse gases also will increase the concentration of water vapor (assuming that the relative humidity remains approximately constant; modeling and observational studies find that this is indeed so). Remember that your over-riding goal […] To create a powerful observation essay, the author has to be a topic guru: describe what you survived or what inspires you. Energy may be produced at the point of consumption, or by a generator for consumption by others. Alderks, Peter. At each sample point the observer records if predetermined behaviors of interest are taking place. 2015 was the first year to see both total global economic growth and a reduction of carbon emissions. Including biotic emissions brings about the same controversy mentioned earlier regarding carbon sinks and land-use change (Banuri et al., 1996, pp. With this in mind, most field reports in the social sciences include the following elements: I. ", "Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean", "The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI)", "Climate Change Indicators in the United States - Greenhouse Gases", "Climate Change Indicators in the United States - Climate Forcing", "Climate change: annual greenhouse gas index", "The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) - An Introduction", "Climate impacts of energy technologies depend on emissions timing", "Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Levels Hit Record, Report Says", "UK: In 1st, global temps average could be 1 degree C higher", "Historical Overview of Climate Change Science – FAQ 1.3 Figure 1", "Chapter 3, IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, 2000", http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/index.html#global, "Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE)", "GEOCARB II: a revised model of atmospheric, "GEOCARB III: a revised model of atmospheric, "Feedbacks and the co-evolution of plants and atmospheric, "How Much CO2 Does A Single Volcano Emit? [19], Methane has indirect effects in addition to forming CO2. Major developed economies were found to be typically net importers of embodied carbon emissions—with UK consumption emissions 34% higher than production emissions, and Germany (29%), Japan (19%) and the US (13%) also significant net importers of embodied emissions.[154]. “Writing Services” As I have Example Of An Observation Essay already had Example Of An Observation Essay some bad experiences with writing services, I asked 6DollarEssay.com to provide me with a draft of the work. However, the oxidations of CO and CH4 are entwined since both consume OH radicals. . Do not speculate or manipulate your observational data to fit into your study's theoretical framework. N2O has a mean atmospheric lifetime of 121 years. Field reports facilitate the development of data collection techniques and observation skills and they help you to understand how theory applies to real world situations. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 2001; Emerson, Robert M. et al. Paul Atkinson et al., eds. guideline on guidelines) of the GCP Inspectors Working Group. This is the most common and easiest method of recording your observations. t The database is updated daily, so anyone can easily find a relevant essay example. [114], The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%. 1990 is chosen because it is the baseline year for the Kyoto Protocol, and is the publication year of the first IPCC Scientific Assessment of Climate Change. [99]:144 Due to China's fast economic development, its annual per capita emissions are quickly approaching the levels of those in the Annex I group of the Kyoto Protocol (i.e., the developed countries excluding the US). [101] Emissions limitations specified in the Kyoto Protocol expired in 2012. China was responsible for most of global growth in emissions during this period. The national accounts balance shows the difference between exports and imports. Writing Empirical Research Reports: A Basic Guide for Students of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Rapidly expanding air traffic contributes about 2.5% of the production of CO2. However, be aware that flash photography could undermine your ability to observe unobtrusively so assess the lighting in your observation space; if it's too dark, you may need to rely on taking notes. For example, methane is. University of Wollongong, Australia; Wolfinger, Nicholas H. "On Writing Fieldnotes: Collection Strategies and Background Expectancies.” Qualitative Research 2 (April 2002): 85-95; Writing Reports. [145] Other countries with fast growing emissions are South Korea, Iran, and Australia (which apart from the oil rich Persian Gulf states, now has the highest per capita emission rate in the world). Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth. Part of your responsibility in analyzing the data is to determine which observations are worthy of comment and interpretation, and which observations are more general in nature. The ratio in per capita emissions between industrialized countries and developing countries was estimated at more than 10 to 1. 5th ed. On the other hand, this method may be biased towards more conspicuous behaviors and you may miss a lot of what is going on between observations, especially rare or unusual behaviors. In order to keep track of children’s intellectual development, learning activities are therefore essential. Participant observation is not simply showing up at a site and writing things down. "7.3.5 Cost Implications of Alternative GHG Emission Reduction Options and Carbon Sinks", "Contributions of individual countries' emissions to climate change and their uncertainty", "Global Carbon Mechanisms: Emerging lessons and implications (CTC748)", "Global emissions to fall for first time during a period of economic growth", "EDGAR - Fossil CO2 emissions of all world countries, 2018 report - European Commission", "4. [85] (See Relative humidity#Other important facts. There are substantial uncertainties in the measurement of net carbon emissions. {\displaystyle \tau } [107] Around 6% of emissions are fugitive emissions, which are waste gases released by the extraction of fossil fuels. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. [139] Emission intensities may be calculated using market exchange rates (MER) or purchasing power parity (PPP) (Banuri et al., 1996, p. Introduction Video and Audio Recordings [e.g., clothing, physical appearance such as tall or short,]. Note that field reports should be written in the past tense. Conclude your introduction with a statement about how the rest of the paper is organized. [137] Accounting for land-use change can be understood as an attempt to measure "net" emissions, i.e., gross emissions from all sources minus the removal of emissions from the atmosphere by carbon sinks (Banuri et al., 1996, pp. On the other hand, annual per capita emissions of the EU-15 and the US are gradually decreasing over time. For this paper, I observed a 12 month old child for an hour each week over a 6 weeks period using the Tavistock method of child observation. Decisions about sampling assumes you know what you want to observe, what behaviors are important to record, and what research problem you are addressing before you begin the study. sequential patterns of behavior or actions. [113], According to UNEP, global tourism is closely linked to climate change. For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels. 94). The disadvantage of this approach is that you get a dimensionless score for an entire recording session, so you only get one one data point for each recording session. Observe the teacher for at least 1 hour. [141]:15 Overall, developed countries accounted for 83.8% of industrial CO2 emissions over this time period, and 67.8% of total CO2 emissions. [20] The same process that converts NMVOCs to carbon dioxide can also lead to the formation of tropospheric ozone. This conclusion was based on "much evidence" and "high agreement" in the literature. Step 2: Analyze observation(s) and the connection(s) to the standard/indicator. Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling. [21][22] In addition, some gases, such as methane, are known to have large indirect effects that are still being quantified.[31]. It is more comprehensive than the commonly used carbon footprint, which measures only carbon dioxide, one of many greenhouse gases. [116], Plastic is produced mainly from fossil fuels. ) It can also be difficult within certain settings to keep one individual in sight for the entire period of the observation without being intrusive. [45] A 2014 analysis, however, states that although methane's initial impact is about 100 times greater than that of CO2, because of the shorter atmospheric lifetime, after six or seven decades, the impact of the two gases is about equal, and from then on methane's relative role continues to decline. [141]:17–18[144] This can be calculated by dividing a country's highest contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year, by that country's minimum contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year. {\displaystyle \tau ={\frac {m}{F_{out}+L+D}}} In the 1960s, the average annual increase was only 37% of what it was in 2000 through 2007. Most widely analysed are those that remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, either to geologic formations such as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage and carbon dioxide air capture,[172] or to the soil as in the case with biochar. [19], The major non-gas contributor to Earth's greenhouse effect, clouds, also absorb and emit infrared radiation and thus have an effect on greenhouse gas radiative properties. However, with this method, you likely have to conduct a lot of focal samples before you have a good idea about how group members interact. In addition to the main greenhouse gases listed above, other greenhouse gases include sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons (see IPCC list of greenhouse gases). [42], The Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) is defined by atmospheric scientists at NOAA as the ratio of total direct radiative forcing due to long-lived and well-mixed greenhouse gases for any year for which adequate global measurements exist, to that present in year 1990. “Photographs within the Sociological Research Process.” In Image-based Research: A Sourcebook for Qualitative Researchers. It contains thousands of paper examples on a wide variety of topics, all donated by helpful students. [48], Aside from purely human-produced synthetic halocarbons, most greenhouse gases have both natural and human-caused sources. Avoid including any new information. If appropriate, what was unusual or out of the ordinary? [124], The pharmaceutical industry emitted 52 megatonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in 2015. According to the report plastic will contribute greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere in 2019. Non-OECD countries accounted for 42% of cumulative energy-related CO2 emissions between 1890 and 2007. Data Collection. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2011; Ethnography, Observational Research, and Narrative Inquiry. administrator 0 Comments. Focal Sampling -- this involves observing one individual for a specified amount of time and recording all instances of that individual's behavior. [129], In as much as climate impacts from wastewater and sanitation systems present global risks, low-income countries experience greater risks in many cases. a physical exchange between the atmosphere and the other components of the planet. chemical loss of X 2nd ed. Tyler Smith I . Definition of measurement boundaries: Emissions can be attributed geographically, to the area where they were emitted (the territory principle) or by the activity principle to the territory produced the emissions. UWriteMyEssay.net's Classroom Observation Sample Essays services, on the other hand, is a perfect match for all my written needs. In some cases, it can be more informative than people’s words (Mehrabian 2007, p. 12; Fielding, 2005, p. 120). Scribd Online Library; Presser, Jon and Dona Schwartz. Therefore, a useful approach to systematically describing the varying aspects of an observed situation is to answer the "Five W’s of Investigative Reporting." In current trend, annual emissions will grow to 1.34 billion tonnes by 2030. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. characteristics that can be clearly observed. Moving around can be intrusive, but it facilitates observing people's behavior from multiple vectors. What evidence do you have for your reasoning? This divides a country's total annual emissions by its mid-year population. The EPA estimates[citation needed] as many as five mass units of carbon dioxide are emitted for each mass unit of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) produced—the type of plastic most commonly used for beverage bottles,[117] the transportation produce greenhouse gases also. Many observations are available online in a variety of Atmospheric Chemistry Observational Databases. These methods differ in accuracy, cost, and usability. Assessments of policy effectiveness have included work by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,[155] International Energy Agency,[156][157] and United Nations Environment Programme. The greenhouse gas footprint refers to the emissions resulting from the creation of products or services. [164], One liter of gasoline, when used as a fuel, produces 2.32 kg (about 1300 liters or 1.3 cubic meters) of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. Writing Field Reports. In this article, I have used Pandas to analyze data on Country Data.csv file from UN public Data Sets of a popular ‘statweb.stanford.edu’ … This is because some of the gases absorb and emit radiation at the same frequencies as others, so that the total greenhouse effect is not simply the sum of the influence of each gas. 2nd ed. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H 2 O), carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and ozone (O 3).Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth's … What events or behaviors were typical or widespread? "The Paradox from Within: Research Participants Doing-Being-Observed.". Time horizon of different gases: Contribution of a given greenhouse gas is reported as a. University of Washington; Dubbels, Brock R. Exploring the Cognitive, Social, Cultural, and Psychological Aspects of Gaming and Simulations. Earth's surface temperature depends on this balance between incoming and outgoing energy. Did the stated or implicit objectives of what you were observing match what was achieved? You should use your senses– you will be listening sounds, smelling scents, feeling sensations, watching scenarios and even tasting … ( This is more than the automotive sector. D Annual per capita emissions in the industrialized countries are typically as much as ten times the average in developing countries. [145] Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries. [66] Indeed, higher CO2 concentrations are thought to have prevailed throughout most of the Phanerozoic eon, with concentrations four to six times current concentrations during the Mesozoic era, and ten to fifteen times current concentrations during the early Palaeozoic era until the middle of the Devonian period, about 400 Ma. 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